SYLLABUS FOR THE ENGINEERING STREAM OF EAMCET 2014:
CHEMISTRY
I.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE: Characteristics of electron, proton and neutron.
Rutherford model of an atom. Nature of electromagnetic radiation.
Planck’s quantum theory. Explanation of photo electric effect.
Dual behavior of electromagnetic radiation.
Features
of atomic spectra – Emission and absorption spectra.
Characteristics of hydrogen spectrum. Bohr’s theory of the
structure of atom – Postulates. Bohr’s theory of
hydrogen atom, Energy of an electron. Bohr’s explanation of
spectral lines.
Failure
of Bohr’s theory. Wave-particle nature of electron. De
Broglie’s hypothesis, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Important features of the quantum mechanical model of an atom –
Meaning and significance of wave function. Quantum numbers, concept
of orbitals, definition of atomic orbital in terms of quantum numbers
- shapes of s, p and d orbitals, Aufbau principle, Pauli’s
exclusion principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
Electronic configuration of atoms. Explanation of stability of half
filled and completely filled orbitals.
II.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES: Concept of
grouping the elements in accordance to their properties –
Mendeleef’s Periodic Table. Periodic law – Mendeleef’s
classification of elements. Significance of atomic number and
electronic configuration as the basis for periodic classification.
Classification of elements into s, p, d, f blocks and their main
characteristics. Periodic trends in physical and chemical properties
of elements: Atomic radii, Ionic radii, Inert gas radii, Ionization
energy, Electron gain energy, Electronegativity and Valency.
Variation of oxidation states,
Electropositivity
– Metallic and Non-metallic nature, Nature of Oxides, Diagonal
relationship. Variation of atomic radii in inner transition
elements.
III.
CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE: Kossel -Lewis approach to
chemical bonding. Factors favorable for the formation of ionic bond,
energy changes in ionic bond formation. Crystal lattice energy -
calculation of lattice energy – Born - Haber cycle. Crystal
structure of sodium chloride and Caesium chloride, Coordination
number. Properties of ionic compounds. Covalent bond - VSEPR theory
– Lewis representation of covalent compounds, Formal charge,
geometry of simple molecules. The valence bond approach for the
formation of covalent bonds. Directional properties of covalent bond.
Properties
of covalent bond. Hybridization - different types of hybridization
involving s, p and d orbitals. Shapes of simple covalent molecules.
Definition of coordinate covalent bond with examples. Molecular
orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules. Symmetry and energy
of sigma and pi bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. Molecular
orbital energy diagram of H2, N2 and O2. Concept of hydrogen bond
and its types with examples. Effect of hydrogen bonding on properties
of compounds.
IV.
STOICHIOMETRY: Laws of chemical combination – Principles and
examples. Molar mass, concept of equivalent weight with examples.
Percentage composition of compounds and calculation of empirical and
molecular formulae of compounds.
Chemical
reactions and Stoichiometric equations. Oxidation number concept.
Balancing of redox reactions by ion electron method and oxidation
number method. Types of redox reactions. Applications of redox
reactions in titrimetric quantitative analysis. Redox reactions and
electrode processes.
V.
STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS : Graham’s law of
diffusion, Dalton’s law of partial pressures, Avogadro’s
law. Ideal behavior, empirical derivation of gas equation, ideal gas
equation. Kinetic molecular theory of gases. Kinetic gas equation
(No derivation) - deduction of gas laws. Distribution of molecular
velocities and types of molecular velocities – Average, Root
Mean Square and Most Probable Velocity. Behavior of real gases,
deviation from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor versus
pressure diagrams of real gases. Conditions for liquification of
gases, critical temperature.
Liquid
state – Properties of liquids in terms of intermolecular
attractions. Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension
(qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivation)
VI.
SOLUTIONS: Classification of solutions, molarity, normality, molality
and mole fraction. Dilute solutions, vapour pressure, Raoult’s
law, Limitations of Raoult’s law. Colligative properties –
(i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure (ii) Elevation of B.P (iii)
Depression in freezing point and their relation to molar mass.
Osmosis and osmotic pressure - theory of dilute solutions.
Determination of molar mass using colligative properties: Ostwald’s
dynamic method, Cottrell’s method, Rast’s method and
Berkeley Hartley’s method. Abnormal molecular mass.
VII.
ELECTRO CHEMISTRY: Conductance in electrolytic solutions. Specific,
Equivalent and Molar conductance - variation of conductance with
concentration, Kohlrausch’s law and its application to
calculation of equivalent conductance of weak electrolytes.
Electrolytes
and non-electrolytes, redox reactions. Electrolysis. Some typical
examples of electrolysis viz; Fused Sodium hydroxide, Fused sodium
chloride, Brine solution, Fused Magnesium chloride. Faraday’s
laws of electrolysis and applications.
Galvanic
and voltaic cells. Representation and notation of electrochemical
cells with and without salt bridge. Standard hydrogen electrode,
electrode potentials, electrochemical series.EMF of the cell, Nernst
equation and its application to calculate EMF of electrochemical
cells. Primary cell - dry cell / Lechlanche cell. Secondary cells -
Fuel cells: Hydrogen - Oxygen fuel cell and Hydrocarbon - Oxygen fuel
cell. Corrosion: mechanism, factors to promote corrosion and
prevention of corrosion, passivity. Lead accumulator.
VIII.
SOLID STATE: Classification of solids based on different binding
forces as molecular, ionic, covalent, and metallic solids.
Elementary
treatment of metallic bond. Metallic solids, amorphous and
crystalline solids. Unit cell in two dimensional and three
dimensional lattices. Seven crystal systems, Bravais lattices.
Bragg’s
equation, X-ray study of crystal structure, Bragg’s method.
Calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number
of atoms per cubic unit cell. Point defects - Schottky and Frenkel
defects. Electrical and magnetic properties.
IX.
CHEMICAL KINETICS: Concepts of reaction rate, factors affecting
reaction rates. Rate law, Units of rate constant. Order and
molecularity. Methods of determination of order of a reaction.
Integrated rate equations and half lives for zero and first order
reaction
Collision
theory of reaction rates (elementary ideas).
Concept
of activation energy. Equilibrium: Equilibrium in physical and
chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, Law of mass
action, equilibrium constant. Factors affecting equilibrium.
Relation between Kp and Kc. Le Chatelier’s principle,
application to industrial synthesis of (i) Ammonia (ii) Sulphur
trioxide. Acids and Bases: Lowry-Bronsted acid base theory. Lewis
theory, limitation of Lewis theory, Ionic equilibrium. Ionization of
acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization.
Ionic product of water. Concept of pH. Hydrolysis of salts
(elementary idea), hydrolysis constant, buffer solutions. Solubility
product and common ion effect with illustrative examples.
X.
THERMODYNAMICS: Concept of system, types of systems, surroundings,
work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state
functions. First law of thermodynamics - Internal energy and
Enthalpy. Heat capacity and Specific heat, Exothermic and
Endothermic reactions, measurement of ∆E and ∆H,
Enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, neutralization, formation,
atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization and dilution.
Thermo chemical equations. Hess’s law of constant heat
summation.
Driving
force for a spontaneous process. Thermodynamic representation of
criteria of spontaneity in terms of entropy, entropy as a state
function. Gibbs free energy, Gibbs free energy change for
spontaneous, non spontaneous and equilibrium processes.
XI.
SURFACE CHEMISTRY: Adsorption: Physical and chemical adsorption,
adsorption of gases on solids, factors affecting it - pressure
(Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms) and temperature. Catalysis -
types of catalysis, autocatalysis. Colloidal state: colloidal
solutions, classification of colloidal solutions, protective colloids
and Gold number, Properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian
movement. Coagulation. Emulsions, classification of emulsions,
micelles, cleansing action of soap.
XII.
HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS: Position of hydrogen in periodic table.
Occurrence, isotopes of hydrogen. Hydrogen - Preparation, properties
and uses including as a fuel. Reactions of hydrogen leading to
ionic, molecular and non - stoichiometric hydrides. Physical and
Chemical properties of water and heavy water. Hardness of water and
its removal
Hydrogen
peroxide – methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties - oxidation, reduction, decomposition, disproportionation
and addition reactions. Detection, structure and uses of Hydrogen
Peroxide.
XI
I I . ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS: Electronic configuration,
occurrence, Anomalous properties of the first element in each group.
Diagonal relationship. Trends in properties like ionization enthalpy,
atomic and ionic radii, reactivity with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens
and water, uses of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Preparation,
properties and uses of sodium hydroxide, salts of oxo acids, sodium
carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium chloride. Preparation
and
uses of Calcium oxide, Calcium carbonate and Calcium sulphate.
Biological importance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.
XIV.
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS: GROUP 13 ELEMENTS: (IIIA GROUP ELEMENTS):
Electronic configuration, occurrence. Variation of properties and
oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity. Anomalous properties
of first element of the group. Boron- Physical and chemical
properties and uses of boron. Borax, boric acid and boron hydrides.
Preparation, structure and properties of diborane.
Aluminum:
uses, reactions with acids and alkalis. Potash alum.
XV.
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS: GROUP 14 ELEMENTS: (IVA GROUP ELEMENTS): Electronic
configuration, occurrence. Variation of properties and oxidation
states, trends in chemical reactivity. Anomalous behavior of first
element. Carbon - catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical
properties and uses.
Similarities
between carbon and silicon, uses of oxides of carbon. Important
compounds of Silicon - Silicon dioxide, Silicon tetrachloride,
silicones, silicates and zeolites. Manufacture and uses of Producer
gas and Water gas.
XVI.p-
BLOCK ELEMENTS: GROUP 15 ELEMENTS (VA GROUP ELEMENTS): Occurrence -
physical states of nitrogen and phosphorous, allotropy, catenation
electronic configuration, oxidation states. General characteristics
and structure of hydrides.
General
characteristics of oxides and halides. Oxoacids of nitrogen and
phosphorous. Preparation and uses of nitric acid and Ammonia. Super
phosphate of lime.
XVII.p-
BLOCK ELEMENTS: GROUP 16 ELEMENTS (VIA GROUP ELEMENTS): Occurrence,
electronic configuration, oxidation states, physical states of oxygen
and sulphur, their structure and allotropy. General characteristics
of hydrides, oxides and halides.
Structural
aspects of oxy acids of chalcogens. Preparation, properties and uses
of Ozone and sodium thiosulphate. Industrial process for manufacture
of sulphuric acid.
XVIII.
P- BLOCK ELEMENTS: GROUP 17 ELEMENTS (VIIA GROUP ELEMENTS):
Occurrence, electronic configuration and oxidation states. Physical
states of halogens. Ionization Potential, Electro negativity,
Electron affinity, bond energies, chemical reactivity, oxidizing
power of fluorine and chlorine. Structural aspects of oxy acids of
chlorine. Preparation, properties and uses of fluorine, chlorine and
bleaching powder. Structures of Inter halogen compounds.
XIX.
GROUP 18 ELEMENTS: (ZERO GROUP ELEMENTS): Electronic configuration,
occurrence and isolation. Trends in physical and chemical properties
and uses. Structures of Xenon oxides and halides.
XX.
TRANSITION ELEMENTS: General introduction, electronic configuration,
occurrence and characteristics of transition metals. General trends
in properties of first row transition elements - metallic character,
ionization energy, variable oxidation states,atomic and ionic radii,
color, catalytic property, magnetic property, interstitial compounds
and alloy formation. Lanthanides: Electronic configuration, variable
oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanide contraction.
Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number,
Werner’s theory of coordination compounds, shapes of
coordination compounds - Valence bond theory, IUPAC nomenclature of
mono nuclear coordination compounds, bonding, isomerism, EAN rule,
importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis,
extraction of metals and biological systems (chromo proteins,
haemoglobin, chlorophyll: structures only).
XXI.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY: Principles and methods of
extraction - concentration, reduction by chemical and Electrolytic
methods and refining. Occurrence and principles of extraction of
Copper, Zinc, Iron and Silver. Molten electrolysis processes of
Aluminium, Magnesium and Sodium.
XXII.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: Definition of terms, types of Pollution,
Air, Water and Soil pollution. Oxides of carbon, carbon monoxide,
oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, chloro fluoro carbons. Chemical
reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants, acid
rain. Ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer.
Green house effect and global warming.
Pollution
due to industrial wastes. Green chemistry as an alternative tool for
reducing pollution with two examples.
XXIII.
BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:
Methods
of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic
compounds. Classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic
compounds. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of covalent bond. Types
of regents – electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radicals with
examples. Reactive intermediates. Types of organic reactions -
substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement reactions with
examples. Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and
hyperconjugation.
XXIV.
HYDROCARBONS: Classification of hydrocarbons. Alkanes - Nomenclature,
isomerism. Methods of preparation of ethane. Conformations of
ethane. Physical properties, chemical reactions including free
radical mechanism of halogenation, Combustion and Pyrolysis of
ethane.
Cycloalkanes
: Preparation and properties of cyclohexane. Alkenes - Nomenclature,
structure of ethene, geometrical isomerism and physical properties of
geometrical isomers. Ethylene: Methods of preparation, physical
properties and chemical reactions - addition of hydrogen, halogen,
water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide
effect), Ozonolysis and oxidation. Mechanism of electrophilic
addition.
XXV:
ALKYNES & AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS: Nomenclature, structure of
triple bond. Acetylene - Methods of preparation, Physical properties
and chemical reactions: acidic character of acetylene, addition
reaction of - hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
Aromatic hydrocarbons: Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene:
resonance and aromaticity, Chemical properties: Mechanism of
electrophilic substitution - Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation,
Friedel Craft’s alkylation and Acylation.
Directive
influence of functional group in mono substituted benzene.
Carcinogenicity and toxicity of aromatic compounds.
XXVI:
STEREO CHEMISTRY: Optical activity-discovery, determination using a
polarimeter, specific rotation. Asymmetric carbon, elements of
symmetry. Chirality - Chiral objects, Chiral molecules. Compounds
containing one chiral centre, enantiomers, Fischer projections and
Configuration. D-L and R-S nomenclature, racemic forms, racemisation
and resolution. Compounds containing two chiral centers,
diastereomers, meso form.
XXVII
: HALOALKANES & HALOARENES: Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of
C-X bond, Preparation, physical and chemical properties of ethyl
chloride and chloroform. Mechanism of SN1, and SN2 reactions.
Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, Preparation and Substitution
reactions of chlorobenzene (directive influence of halogen for mono
substituted compounds only).
XXVIII.
ALCOHOLS , PHENOLS AND ETHERS: Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of
preparation, physical and chemical properties of ethyl alcohol.
Mechanism of dehydration. Identification of primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohols. Uses of methanol and ethanol. Phenols:
Nomenclature, methods of preparation and physical and chemical
properties of phenol, acidic nature of phenol. Electrophilic
substitution reactions and uses of phenol. Ethers: Nomenclature,
methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties and uses of
diethyl ether.
XXIX:
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES: Nomenclature, and nature of carbonyl group.
Methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties and uses of
acetaldehyde and acetone. Mechanism of nucleophilic addition. Aldol
and crossed aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction.
XXX.
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS: Nomenclature and acidity of carboxylic acids.
Methods of preparation, Physical and chemical properties and uses of
acetic acid.
XXXI.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN: Ni t r o b e n z e n e :
Preparation, properties and uses.
Ami
n e s : Nomenclature and classification of amines. Structure,
methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties and uses of
Aniline. Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance of
diazonium salts in synthetic organic chemistry. Azo dyes and their
uses.
XXXII.
POLYMERS & BIOMOLECULES: Classification of polymers. Addition
and condensation polymerization. Copolymerization. Natural rubber,
vulcanization of rubber, synthetic rubber – Neoprene and Buna-
S. Molecular weights of polymers - Number
average
and weight average molecular weights (definition only) Biopolymers –
Carbohydrates and Proteins. Biodegradable polymers and some
commercially important polymers – Polythene, nylon, polyesters
and bakelite. Carbohydrates: Importance.
Classification
into (a) aldoses and ketoses and (b) mono (glucose and fructose),
oligo (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch,
cellulose, glycogen). Structure determination and properties of
glucose. Structural features of oligo and polysaccharides mentioned
above. Proteins: Elementary idea of Alpha amino acids, peptide bond,
polypeptides and proteins. Primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary structures of Proteins (Qualitative idea only).
Denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Vitamins: Classification and
functions of vitamins in biosystems. Nucleic Acids: Types of nucleic
acids, primary building blocks of
nucleic
acids. Chemical composition of DNA & RNA, Primary structure of
DNA and its double helix. Replication. Transcription, protein
synthesis and genetic code. Lipids: Classification, structure and
functions of lipids in biosystems. Hormones: Classification,
structural features and functions of hormones in biosystems.
XXXIII.
CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE: Uses of Chemicals in medicine: Analgesics
: Narcotics (morphine, codeine). Nonnarcotics (Aspirin, Ibuprofen).
Antipyretics (Analgin, phenacetin and paracetamol). Tranquilizers
(Barbituric acid, Luminal, seconal, valium). Antiseptics
(Chloroxylenol, bithional), Disinfectants (formalin). Antimicrobials
(lysozyme, lactic acid, hydrochloric acid in stomach). Antibiotics
(pencillin, chloramphenicol, sulphadiazine). Chemicals in food
preservatives (sodium benzoate, potassium metabisulphite). Artificial
sweetening agents (Aspartame, alitame, sucralose)
